![]() Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a suitable synthetic polymer for use in bone tissue engineering because of its mechanical strength, thermoelastic behavior, adjustment of structural degradation time in proportion to recovery biocompatibility, and rapid freezing due to its calcium ions. One of the characteristics of 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) is controlling the porosity and pore size and melting the filament or polymer through the nozzle layer-by-layer on the structural plate, which leads to creating a 3D shape 11, 12, 13.Īdditive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing techniques can be used to 3D print a wide range of synthetic and natural materials, such as metals, polymers, polymer composites, ceramics, and cement 14. Several methods and technologies have been used to prepare porous scaffolds, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), inkjet printing (IP), laser metal deposition (LMD), and direct ink writing (DIW) 9, 10. Therefore, the biological scaffold should be biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic 9. Also, scaffolds' mechanical strength and physical properties can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM)better and present a suitable porosity for cell attachment and growth 6, 7, 8. In addition, the inner scaffold structure plays an important role in bone regeneration. Among them, the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold has significantly impacts on mass transport, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. The main aim of tissue engineering is to repair and restore injured tissues via the use of cells, growth factor, and scaffolds made from biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic or natural materials 4, 5. The applications of tissue engineering have become increasingly widespread in the medical field 3. Adaptable artificial bone grafts can replace damaged bone. In order to fully replace damaged bone, artificial bone grafts should have a structure that can adapt to the specific patient's needs. According to the findings, the tricomponent 3D-printed scaffold can be considered as a promising choice for bone tissue regeneration and rebuilding.īone injuries are caused by infections, accidents, pathological destruction, trauma, and congenital disabilities 1, 2. Although all constructed scaffolds support hADSCs proliferation and differentiation, the results showed that scaffold coating with HA and COL can boost these capacities in a synergistic manner. In addition, the bone differentiation potential of the hADSCs was assessed using calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and bone-related protein and genes. Biocompatibility and cells proliferation were investigated by seeding human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) onto the scaffolds, which were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. This study evaluated the osteosupportive capacity, biological behavior, and physicochemical properties of 3D-printed PCL, PCL/HA, PCL/COL, and PCL/HA/COL scaffolds. This work aims to enhance bone formation, osteogenic differentiation, and in vitro biocompatibility via PCL scaffolds modification with Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Collagen type I (COL). However, the hydrophobic surfaces of PCL and its non-osteogenic nature reduces adhesion and cell bioactivity at the time of implantation. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) can be used in 3D printing for producing biodegradable scaffolds by fused deposition modeling (FDM). ![]() ![]() Bone tissue engineering uses various methods and materials to find suitable scaffolds that regenerate lost bone due to disease or injury. ![]()
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